How to Make Bread Flour

To the inexperienced baker, "bread flour" and "all-purpose flour" may at first seem to be the same thing. In fact, bread flour is a special type of flour made from hard, high-protein wheat. This gives it a high gluten content and a "stronger," denser feel once it's baked. While bread flour isn't common in all kitchens, it's easy to make substitutes from the flour you do have lying around.

[Edit]Steps

[Edit]From All-Purpose Flour

1. Buy or order vital wheat gluten. For this recipe, you'll need only two ingredients: all-purpose flour and vital wheat gluten. All-purpose flour can be purchased at nearly any grocery store. However, you may need to make a trip to a health food store or a baking supply store to find vital wheat gluten.^[1]
   
   • Alternatively, if you can stand to wait, vital wheat gluten is easily available for order online. Either way, it is not especially expensive — a small bag should cost less than $10.^[2]
   • You won't need more than a few teaspoons of vital wheat gluten for most bread recipes.
2. Measure out the all-purpose flour for your recipe. Look at the recipe to see how much bread flour is required. Measure out this much all-purpose flour instead. Pour this flour into a mixing bowl separate from the other ingredients.
   
   
3. Add one teaspoon vital wheat gluten per cup of flour. This converts all-purpose flour to a form that can be used just like bread flour. This ratio scales proportionally.
   
   
   • For instance, if your recipe calls for 2 1/2 cups of bread flour, you would add 2 1/2 teaspoons vital wheat gluten to 2 1/2 cups of all-purpose flour.
4. Add a small amount of whole wheat flour. This step isn't essential, but a little wheat flour works well as a binding agent and gives the bread a subtle "nutty" flavor. Add no more than 1/2 teaspoon per cup of all-purpose flour so as not to affect the total volume of your dry ingredients.^[3]
   
5. Mix well. Sift the ingredients above together in the bowl. Once they are well incorporated, you will be left with a substance you can use in place of bread flour.
   
   
   • The gluten in the new flour substitute will give the final product a denser, "stronger" bread than you would have otherwise. Don't be alarmed if your bread turns out with a slightly different texture than it had before.

[Edit]From Wholewheat Flour

1. Measure out wholewheat flour for your recipe. The basic process for converting wholewheat flour to bread flour is basically the same as above. However, a few qualities of wholewheat flour make some minor differences necessary. To start, add the wheat flour to a mixing bowl.
   
   
   • Again, this is a one-to-one substitution for the bread flour in your recipe. If your recipe calls for three cups of bread flour, start with three cups of wholewheat flour (and so on).
2. Add two teaspoons of vital wheat gluten per cup flour. Wholewheat flour contains a substance called bran which weakens the effects of gluten. This means that it's necessary to add more gluten artificially than you would with all-purpose flour.^[4]
   
   
   • This scales proportionally in the same way as in the section above. For instance, if you have three cups of wholewheat flour, you would add six teaspoons of vital wheat gluten.
3. Mix well. Sift the ingredients together in the mixing bowl. When they are well combined, the substance you have in the bowl will substitute well for bread flour. However, for the best possible results, a few more precautions are necessary. See the next steps.
   
   
4. Add extra water to the wet ingredients. The bran and protein content of wholewheat flour tend to make it slightly more absorbent than normal flour. To compensate, add a little extra to the wet ingredients you're using for your bread. About two and a half tablespoons of water per cup of wholewheat flour should be plenty.^[5]
   
   
   • To be clear, you'll want to add this water to the bowl where you're mixing the eggs, oil, milk, and so on. Don't add it directly to the flour or it will incorporate unevenly.
5. Let the bread rise less than normal. When making bread, normally, you allow the dough to rise to about double its normal size.^[6] However, with wholewheat flour, you'll only want to allow it to rise to about 1 1/2 times its normal size. This is because wholewheat flour tends to make dough a little less flexible. If you let the dough rise all the way, it won't be able to support its full size and will "deflate" somewhat during baking.^[7]
   

[Edit]Video

[Edit]Tips

• There are many, many more types of flour than the ones listed in this article. You might wish to experiment with other types of flour, expecting some to work well and others to work less well but that's all in the fun of kitchen experimentation.
• It's not really possible to make a gluten-free bread flour. A high gluten content is what gives bread flour its signature strength in the first place. For gluten-free recipes, you can always substitute a gluten-free flour (like buckwheat flour), but this may give you bread with a different texture.^[8]

[Edit]References

[Edit]Quick Summary

1. ↑ http://happyherbivore.com/2012/01/what-vital-wheat-gluten/
2. ↑ http://www1.netrition.com/bobs_vital_wheat_gluten_flour.html
3. ↑ http://www.food.com/recipe/homemade-bread-flour-substitute-416294
4. ↑ http://www.epicurious.com/archive/howtocook/primers/breadingredients
5. ↑ http://www.epicurious.com/archive/howtocook/primers/breadingredients
6. ↑ http://www.bhg.com/recipes/how-to/bake/how-to-make-yeast-bread/
7. ↑ http://www.epicurious.com/archive/howtocook/primers/breadingredients
8. ↑ http://whatscookingamerica.net/Bread/FlourTypes.htm